HIH does not handle medical emergencies.What to do in an emergency
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Information for Patients

Everything you need before, during and after your consultation

How online care at HIH works, what it can and cannot do, and how to stay safe and within the law.

How to book

  1. Create your account

    Register in the booking system and accept the Terms and the Privacy Policy. You must be 18 or older.

  2. Check the healthcare professional meets the criteria

    Confirm that the healthcare professional is licensed or legally authorised to provide telehealth to patients in your country of residence and that their specialty fits your needs (see the checklist below).

  3. Choose a time

    Compare profiles and pick an available slot.

  4. Confirm and pay

    Payment is processed by a licensed payment service provider.

Book Now

Not for emergencies

HIH provides scheduled online consultations. We cannot respond in real time, we do not triage, and we cannot send help to you.

Treat it as an emergency if you, or the person you are helping, has:

  • Chest pain or pressure, especially spreading to the arm, neck, jaw or back
  • Difficulty breathing, choking, or blue or grey lips
  • Signs of stroke: face drooping, arm or leg weakness, slurred speech
  • Sudden severe headache, confusion, fainting or unresponsiveness
  • A seizure (fit)
  • Heavy bleeding that will not stop, a serious injury, burn or fall
  • A severe allergic reaction, such as swelling of the face, lips or throat
  • Suspected poisoning or overdose
  • Severe abdominal pain, or bleeding or severe pain during pregnancy
  • Thoughts of suicide or of harming yourself or someone else
  • In a baby or child: high fever with drowsiness, a rash that does not fade when pressed, or trouble breathing

What to do now:

  1. Call your local emergency number immediately.
  2. Or go straight to the nearest hospital emergency department.
  3. Do not wait for an online appointment or for a reply to a message on this website or the booking system.
112EU, Kuwait and many other countries911USA, Canada, Saudi Arabia999UK, UAE, Qatar, Bahrain9999Oman

If you are not sure of the number where you are, 112 also works from most mobile phones worldwide.

⚠ Is it an emergency? →

Choose a healthcare professional who may legally treat you where you live

For diagnosis, treatment and prescriptions, the professional must be authorised in your place of residence.

Choose a healthcare professional who may give you a second opinion, globally

For an expert view on a diagnosis or treatment plan, look beyond borders: choose the specialist you trust, wherever they are, where their licence and the applicable rules allow.

Healthcare is regulated country by country. For treatment, only consider healthcare professionals who are legally permitted to provide telehealth services to patients in your place of residence, in line with its laws and regulations. Before you book, check that:

A prescription issued from another country may not be valid where you live and may need to be re-issued by a local doctor.

Before your consultation

  • A phone, tablet or computer with camera, microphone and a stable internet connection.
  • A quiet, private, well-lit place.
  • Your identity document, if the healthcare professional asks for it.
  • A list of your symptoms, current medicines, allergies and past illnesses.
  • Relevant recent test results, scans and reports, sent by e-mail to the healthcare professional in advance where possible.

The quality of remote advice depends on the information you give. Please be complete and accurate.

Sending files before your consultation

If your healthcare professional needs to see documents before the consultation, such as MRIs, CTs, X-rays, reports, lab results or a list of your medicines, you can email them to the address shown on their profile in Our Healthcare Professionals. Small files (documents, photos, PDFs) can be attached to a normal email. For large files, such as MRI or CT scans, WeTransfer is easier.

Find your healthcare professional's email →

How to send large files with WeTransfer: 5 simple steps

  1. Open WeTransfer

    Go to wetransfer.com on your computer or phone. There is nothing to install, and the free version is enough for most scans.

  2. Add your files

    Click “+” or “Upload files” and choose your files. For an MRI or CT on a CD or USB stick, first copy the whole folder to your computer and add it as one compressed (zip) folder.

  3. Enter the email addresses

    In “Email to”, type the healthcare professional's email from their profile. In “Your email”, type your own address.

  4. Write a short message

    Include your full name, the date of your appointment and what you are sending (for example: “MRI of the lower back, March 2026, with report”).

  5. Click “Transfer”

    The first time, WeTransfer may email you a code to confirm your address: enter it. You get a confirmation when the files are sent and again when they are downloaded.

Open WeTransfer ↗

Good to know

  • Send your files 1 to 2 days before the consultation: free WeTransfer links expire after a few days.
  • The free version currently allows up to 3 GB per transfer. If your files are bigger, send them in two transfers.
  • Only send files to the email shown on your healthcare professional's profile. Do not send medical files to HIH customer service.
  • WeTransfer is an independent service with its own terms. Choose carefully what you send: these are your personal health data.

During the consultation

Your healthcare professional will ask about your health, review your documents and may ask to see something on camera. Online consultations cannot include a physical examination or tests, so your healthcare professional may recommend in-person care.

Please do not record the consultation without the healthcare professional’s consent.

Prescriptions & next steps

Your healthcare professional decides whether a prescription, referral or treatment plan is clinically appropriate and lawful. They may decline if your condition cannot be assessed remotely.

A prescription issued from another country may not be recognised by pharmacies where you live and may need to be re-issued by a locally licensed doctor.

If symptoms persist, worsen or change, seek further medical advice or in-person care. Each consultation is a single engagement unless you and your healthcare professional agree to follow-up.

Records & medical reports

You can view documents your healthcare professional shares with you, such as summaries, reports, referrals, test results and prescriptions.

You may request a medical report or record summary. Where your original healthcare professional is unavailable, another healthcare professional at HIH may prepare it, if they accept and may lawfully access your records. Your right of access under Article 15 GDPR is not affected.

Fees & payments

Each healthcare professional sets their own consultation fee, shown before you book. Payments are processed exclusively by licensed third-party payment service providers; HIH never receives or holds patient funds.

Cancellations

You may cancel or reschedule according to the cancellation terms that apply to your booking. Fees or refunds may depend on timing. A healthcare professional may also reschedule, decline or end a consultation for clinical, legal or technical reasons. If a consultation cannot go ahead because of a technical problem on our side, we will help you reschedule or cancel.

Privacy & your data

Personal data, including health data, is processed under the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Your healthcare professional is responsible for your clinical records.

Medical content between you and your healthcare professional is accessed only where necessary for technical operation, security, legal obligations or your report requests.

Children & dependents

HIH accounts are for adults aged 18 or over. A parent or legal guardian may book on behalf of a child or dependent if legally authorised to do so, and is responsible for the account and the information given. We may ask for proof of guardianship.

Feedback & complaints

About your medical care (advice, diagnosis, treatment, prescriptions): contact your healthcare professional directly. Clinical complaints are handled by the healthcare professional under their professional obligations.About your account or the booking system (booking, payments, technical problems): contact us. We acknowledge every complaint and aim to respond within 15 business days.

Frequently asked questions

Is HIH suitable for emergencies?

No. HIH is for scheduled consultations only. In an emergency call your local emergency number (for example 112, 911 or 999) or go to the nearest emergency department.

Who is responsible for my medical care?

The licensed healthcare professional you choose, with whom you agree your consultation through the Telehealth Contract.

How do I choose the right healthcare professional?

Check that the healthcare professional is licensed or legally authorised to provide telehealth to patients in your country of residence, that their specialty matches your concern, and that their languages and fee suit you. You can verify a licence on the official register of the country that issued it.

Can I use HIH for a second opinion?

Yes. Upload your reports and imaging, and a specialist can review them and give an opinion within the limits of remote care.

Will my prescription be valid in my country?

Not always. Prescriptions issued from another country may not be accepted locally and may need re-issuing by a locally licensed doctor.

Can I book for my child?

Yes, if you are the parent or legal guardian and legally authorised to act for them. The account stays in your name.

How do I pay?

Through a licensed payment service provider when you book. Fees are set by each healthcare professional and shown in advance.

What languages are consultations in?

That depends on the healthcare professional. Each profile lists the languages they speak.

Health library

Understand your health

Clear, evidence-based information on the most common conditions and symptoms: what they are, what you can do, when to seek urgent help, and who at HIH can help.

35Conditions
33Symptoms
⚠ Safety first

Is it an emergency?

Answer a few quick questions about the person who is unwell. If any answer is yes, do not book online: call for emergency help.

112

Not listed? In many countries 112 works from any mobile phone.

⏱ 12 yes/no questions · about 1 minute

  1. 1Answer honestly about the person who is unwell
  2. 2Any “yes” tells you to call for help immediately
  3. 3All “no”: read about symptoms or book
What the check covers · See all warning signs at once
ConsciousnessBreathingChest painStroke signsBleeding and injurySevere allergySudden severe painConfusion and feverPregnancyBabies and childrenPoisoningRisk of harm
  1. Is the person unconscious, not responding, or having a seizure (fit)?
  2. Are they struggling to breathe, choking, or are their lips or face turning blue or grey?
  3. Do they have chest pain, pressure or tightness, especially spreading to the arm, jaw, neck or back, or with sweating or sickness?
  4. Are there signs of a stroke: face drooping, weakness in an arm or leg, or slurred or confused speech?
  5. Is there heavy bleeding that will not stop, or a serious injury such as a head injury, a broken bone or a large burn?
  6. Is there swelling of the face, lips, tongue or throat, or a sudden rash with difficulty breathing (severe allergic reaction)?
  7. Is there sudden, very severe pain, such as the worst headache of their life or severe abdominal pain?
  8. Are they suddenly confused or very drowsy, or very unwell with fever and a stiff neck or a rash that does not fade when pressed?
  9. Are they pregnant with heavy bleeding, severe abdominal pain, or a baby moving less than usual?
  10. Is it a baby under 3 months with a temperature of 38 °C or more, or a child who is floppy, unresponsive or struggling to breathe?
  11. Have they been poisoned, taken an overdose, or swallowed something dangerous?
  12. Are they thinking of harming themselves or someone else, or is anyone’s life in immediate danger?

This check cannot exclude every emergency. If in doubt, call your local emergency number.

Where do you feel it?

Tap a part of the body

Head Chest Abdomen Pelvis Back and spine Arms and legs

Browse A–Z

☞ Choose a letter, tap the body, pick a category or type in the search to see the topics.

Know your numbers

Two quick checks. They help you understand your numbers; they do not replace a consultation.

Body mass index (BMI)

BMI is a screening tool and does not measure body fat directly. For people of Asian background, health risks start at lower values (23 and 27.5). Dietetics and Nutrition →

Blood pressure reading

Categories from the American Heart Association. Base decisions on several readings taken at rest, not one.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.

Sources
Digestion · Symptom

Abdominal pain

Usually caused by indigestion, wind, constipation or a stomach bug, but some causes need urgent care.

Possible causes

  • Constipation or trapped wind
  • Stomach infection (gastroenteritis)

What you can do

  • Drink fluids and eat light meals
  • Use a heat pack
  • Avoid alcohol and fatty food until it settles

When to book a consultation

Book if pain keeps returning, lasts more than a few days, or comes with a change in bowel habits or weight loss.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Digestion · Condition

Acid reflux and heartburn (GERD)

Stomach acid flows back into the food pipe, causing a burning feeling in the chest. Lifestyle changes help most people.

What it is

Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) happens when the valve at the top of the stomach does not close properly. Triggers include large or late meals, fatty or spicy food, alcohol, coffee, smoking, excess weight and pregnancy.

Common symptoms

  • Burning chest pain (heartburn), often after eating or when lying down
  • Sour or bitter taste in the mouth
  • Bloating, burping or nausea
  • Persistent cough or hoarse voice

What you can do

  • Eat smaller meals and avoid eating late
  • Raise the head of your bed by 10–20 cm
  • Identify and reduce trigger foods and drinks
  • Lose weight if overweight, and stop smoking

When to book a consultation

Book if you have heartburn most days, need antacids often, or are over 55 with new symptoms.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Skin and hair · Condition

Acne

Spots on the face, chest or back caused by blocked skin pores. Effective treatments can prevent scarring.

What it is

Acne affects most teenagers and many adults. Hormones increase oil production, pores block and bacteria cause inflammation. It can affect confidence and mood. Treatments include creams, antibiotics and, for women, some contraceptive pills; severe acne may need specialist treatment.

Common symptoms

  • Blackheads and whiteheads
  • Red, tender spots
  • Deeper painful lumps or cysts
  • Marks or scars after spots heal

What you can do

  • Wash gently twice a day; do not scrub
  • Do not squeeze spots
  • Use non-comedogenic (oil-free) products
  • Try benzoyl peroxide gel from a pharmacy

When to book a consultation

Book if acne is painful, leaving scars, affecting your mood, or not improving after 2 months of treatment.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Ear, nose, throat and eyes · Condition

Allergic rhinitis (hay fever)

An allergic reaction to pollen, dust mites or pets, causing sneezing, a runny nose and itchy eyes.

What it is

Allergic rhinitis affects up to 1 in 4 people. It can be seasonal (pollen) or all year round (dust mites, pets, mould). It can disturb sleep and concentration and often occurs with asthma. Antihistamines, nasal steroid sprays and avoiding triggers usually control it.

Common symptoms

  • Sneezing and a runny or blocked nose
  • Itchy, red, watery eyes
  • Itchy throat or ears
  • Tiredness and poor sleep

What you can do

  • Check pollen forecasts and keep windows closed on high days
  • Shower and change clothes after being outdoors
  • Use antihistamines or nasal sprays according to the label
  • Reduce dust mites: wash bedding at 60 °C

When to book a consultation

Book if symptoms are not controlled by over-the-counter treatment or affect your sleep, work or asthma.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Heart and circulation · Condition

Angina and coronary heart disease

Chest pain or tightness caused by narrowed heart arteries, usually brought on by exertion and relieved by rest.

What it is

Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. Fatty plaques narrow the arteries that supply the heart. Stable angina appears with effort or stress and settles within minutes of rest. It is a warning sign that needs medical assessment, treatment and control of risk factors.

Common symptoms

  • Chest pain, pressure or tightness with exertion
  • Pain that may spread to the arm, neck, jaw or back
  • Breathlessness with activity

What you can do

  • Take prescribed medicines regularly and carry your spray if prescribed
  • Stop smoking
  • Control blood pressure, cholesterol and blood sugar
  • Build up activity gradually, as advised

When to book a consultation

Book if you have chest discomfort with exertion that settles with rest, or to review heart risk and treatment. New or changing chest pain needs emergency care.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Mental wellbeing · Condition

Anxiety

Worry or fear that is hard to control and affects daily life. Very common, and talking therapies and treatment help.

What it is

Everyone feels anxious sometimes. An anxiety disorder means the worry is frequent, out of proportion and lasts for months. Panic attacks can cause frightening physical symptoms such as a racing heart. Psychological therapies such as CBT and, for some, medicines are effective.

Common symptoms

  • Constant worry or feeling on edge
  • Restlessness, irritability, poor concentration
  • Racing heart, sweating, trembling
  • Trouble sleeping

What you can do

  • Regular physical activity
  • Limit caffeine and alcohol
  • Practise slow breathing or mindfulness
  • Talk to someone you trust

When to book a consultation

Book if anxiety affects your work, relationships or sleep, or lasts more than a few weeks.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Breathing and lungs · Condition

Asthma

The airways become inflamed and narrow, causing wheeze, cough and breathlessness. Well controlled, it rarely limits life.

What it is

Asthma is a long-term condition of the airways. Symptoms come and go and are triggered by things such as colds, allergens, smoke, exercise or cold air. Preventer inhalers reduce the inflammation; reliever inhalers open the airways quickly.

Common symptoms

  • Wheezing (a whistling sound when breathing)
  • Shortness of breath
  • Tight chest
  • Cough, often worse at night or early morning

What you can do

  • Use your preventer inhaler every day as prescribed
  • Know and avoid your triggers
  • Have a written asthma action plan
  • Do not smoke, and avoid second-hand smoke

When to book a consultation

Book if you use your reliever more than twice a week, wake at night with symptoms, or need an asthma review.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Heart and circulation · Condition

Atrial fibrillation (irregular heartbeat)

The most common heart rhythm problem. It raises the risk of stroke, which treatment can greatly reduce.

What it is

In atrial fibrillation the upper chambers of the heart beat irregularly and often fast. Some people feel nothing; others have palpitations, breathlessness or tiredness. Because blood can clot in the heart, AF increases stroke risk about five times. Blood thinners and rate or rhythm treatment are effective.

Common symptoms

  • Irregular or racing heartbeat (palpitations)
  • Breathlessness or tiredness
  • Dizziness or reduced exercise tolerance
  • Sometimes no symptoms at all

What you can do

  • Take blood thinners exactly as prescribed
  • Limit alcohol and caffeine
  • Control blood pressure and weight
  • Treat sleep apnoea if you snore heavily

When to book a consultation

Book if you notice an irregular pulse or repeated palpitations, or to review your AF treatment.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Bones, joints and spine · Symptom

Back pain

Very common and usually from muscles or joints. It typically improves within weeks.

Possible causes

What you can do

  • Keep moving
  • Use heat and simple painkillers according to the label

When to book a consultation

Book if pain lasts more than 4–6 weeks or spreads down a leg.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Ear, nose, throat and eyes · Symptom

Blurred vision

Often needs glasses, but sudden changes in vision always need urgent assessment.

Possible causes

  • Need for glasses
  • Dry eyes

What you can do

  • Take screen breaks: every 20 minutes look 20 feet away for 20 seconds

When to book a consultation

Book if vision has gradually worsened, or you have diabetes and have not had an eye check this year.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Women’s health · Symptom

Breast lump or change

Most breast lumps are not cancer, but every new lump or change should be checked by a doctor.

Possible causes

  • Cysts or fibroadenomas (non-cancerous)
  • Hormonal changes in the cycle
  • Infection, especially when breastfeeding
  • Breast cancer

What you can do

  • Know what is normal for you and check your breasts regularly
  • Attend screening when invited

When to book a consultation

Book promptly for any new lump, skin dimpling, nipple change or discharge.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Brain and nerves · Condition

Carpal tunnel syndrome

Pressure on a nerve at the wrist causes tingling, numbness and pain in the hand, often at night.

What it is

The median nerve passes through a narrow tunnel in the wrist. Swelling there compresses it. It is more common in pregnancy, diabetes, thyroid disease and with repetitive hand use. Wrist splints and steroid injections help many people; a small operation relieves pressure when symptoms persist.

Common symptoms

  • Tingling or numbness in the thumb, index and middle fingers
  • Symptoms worse at night, eased by shaking the hand
  • Weak grip or dropping things
  • Wrist or hand pain

What you can do

  • Wear a wrist splint at night
  • Take breaks from repetitive hand tasks
  • Avoid bending the wrist for long periods

When to book a consultation

Book if symptoms last more than a few weeks, disturb sleep, or you notice weakness; a neurosurgeon can advise on surgery.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Heart and circulation · Symptom

Chest pain

Chest pain must be taken seriously. New or severe chest pain needs emergency care, not an online consultation.

Possible causes

  • Heart problems, including heart attack: an emergency
  • Muscle strain

What you can do

  • Do not wait to see whether it goes away: if you are unsure, call your local emergency number

When to book a consultation

Book only for known, mild, long-standing chest discomfort that a doctor has already assessed, for example reflux.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Digestion · Symptom

Constipation

Passing stools less often or with difficulty. Usually improved by fibre, fluids and activity.

Possible causes

  • Low fibre or fluid intake
  • Inactivity

What you can do

  • Eat more fibre: fruit, vegetables, whole grains, pulses
  • Drink plenty of water
  • Be active
  • Do not ignore the urge to go

When to book a consultation

Book if it lasts more than 3 weeks, or comes with weight loss or blood.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Breathing and lungs · Condition

COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)

Long-term lung damage, mostly from smoking, causing breathlessness and cough. Treatment slows it and improves life.

What it is

COPD includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis. The airways narrow and the lungs lose elasticity. It is diagnosed with a breathing test (spirometry). Stopping smoking is the single most effective treatment; inhalers, pulmonary rehabilitation and vaccines also help.

Common symptoms

  • Breathlessness, especially with activity
  • Persistent chesty cough with phlegm
  • Frequent chest infections
  • Wheezing

What you can do

  • Stop smoking and avoid smoke
  • Use inhalers as prescribed and check your technique
  • Keep active; ask about pulmonary rehabilitation
  • Get flu and pneumonia vaccines if recommended

When to book a consultation

Book if you smoke or used to and have a lasting cough or breathlessness, or for a COPD review.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Breathing and lungs · Symptom

Cough

Most coughs are caused by viruses and settle within 3 weeks.

Possible causes

  • Smoking

What you can do

  • Drink warm drinks; honey and lemon can soothe (not for babies under 1 year)
  • Rest and avoid smoke

When to book a consultation

Book if your cough lasts more than 3 weeks, or with weight loss, night sweats or a hoarse voice.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Mental wellbeing · Condition

Depression

Persistent low mood or loss of interest lasting more than two weeks. It is common, and treatment works.

What it is

Depression is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide. It is not a weakness. It can follow life events, illness or have no clear cause. Talking therapies, medicines, activity and social support help most people recover.

Common symptoms

  • Low mood most of the day, nearly every day
  • Loss of interest or pleasure
  • Sleep and appetite changes
  • Tiredness, poor concentration, feelings of guilt or worthlessness

What you can do

  • Talk to someone you trust
  • Keep a routine and set small goals
  • Get outside and be active
  • Limit alcohol and drugs

When to book a consultation

Book if low mood lasts more than 2 weeks or affects your daily life.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Digestion · Symptom

Diarrhoea

Usually a short-lived infection that clears in a few days. Replacing fluids is essential.

Possible causes

  • Food intolerance
  • Medicines such as antibiotics

What you can do

  • Drink plenty; use oral rehydration solution
  • Wash hands carefully
  • Eat when you can

When to book a consultation

Book if it lasts more than a week, keeps returning, or follows travel abroad.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Brain and nerves · Symptom

Dizziness

Feeling lightheaded, off-balance or that the room is spinning. Usually harmless and short-lived.

Possible causes

  • Dehydration or standing up quickly
  • Inner-ear problems (vertigo)

What you can do

  • Sit or lie down until it passes
  • Get up slowly
  • Drink enough water

When to book a consultation

Book if dizziness keeps returning or affects your daily life.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Ear, nose, throat and eyes · Symptom

Earache

Common after colds; most ear infections settle within 3 days.

Possible causes

  • Middle-ear infection
  • Outer-ear infection (swimmer’s ear)
  • Earwax build-up

What you can do

  • Use simple painkillers according to the label
  • Place a warm cloth over the ear
  • Do not put cotton buds or objects in the ear

When to book a consultation

Book if pain lasts more than 3 days, there is discharge, or hearing changes.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Skin and hair · Condition

Eczema (atopic dermatitis)

Dry, itchy, inflamed skin that comes and goes. Daily moisturising and treating flares keep it under control.

What it is

Eczema is common in children and often continues into adulthood. The skin barrier is weaker, so it loses moisture and reacts to irritants. It is often linked with asthma and hay fever. Emollients (moisturisers) and, during flares, steroid creams are the mainstay of treatment.

Common symptoms

  • Dry, itchy skin
  • Red or darker, inflamed patches
  • Cracked, thickened or weeping skin
  • Common in skin creases: elbows, knees, neck

What you can do

  • Use fragrance-free emollient often, and soap substitutes
  • Avoid known irritants and very hot showers
  • Keep nails short to reduce damage from scratching
  • Use steroid creams as prescribed during flares

When to book a consultation

Book if eczema is not controlled, affects sleep, or the skin looks infected.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Women’s health · Condition

Endometriosis

Tissue similar to the womb lining grows elsewhere, causing painful periods and pelvic pain. Often diagnosed late.

What it is

Endometriosis affects about 1 in 10 women of reproductive age. On average it takes years to be diagnosed, because period pain is often seen as normal. It can affect fertility. Treatment includes pain relief, hormonal treatment and sometimes surgery.

Common symptoms

  • Very painful periods
  • Pelvic pain between periods
  • Pain during or after sex
  • Pain when opening bowels or passing urine during periods
  • Difficulty getting pregnant

What you can do

  • Keep a pain and period diary
  • Use heat and pain relief according to the label
  • Stay active

When to book a consultation

Book if period pain disrupts your life or you have pelvic pain or difficulty conceiving.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Metabolism and blood · Symptom

Excessive thirst

Usually from heat, exercise or salty food, but constant thirst can be a sign of diabetes.

Possible causes

  • Dehydration, heat or exercise
  • Some medicines
  • Dry mouth

What you can do

  • Drink water regularly
  • Limit sugary drinks and alcohol

When to book a consultation

Book if you are often thirsty and pass a lot of urine, or feel tired and are losing weight.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Infections · Symptom

Fever

A temperature of 38 °C or higher, usually the body fighting an infection.

Possible causes

  • Chest, ear or throat infections

What you can do

  • Rest and drink plenty of fluids
  • Use paracetamol or ibuprofen according to the label
  • Wear light clothing

When to book a consultation

Book if fever lasts more than 3 days, keeps returning, or you have a long-term condition.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Infections · Condition

Flu and common cold

Viral infections of the nose, throat and lungs. Most people recover in 1–2 weeks with rest and fluids.

What it is

Colds come on gradually and mostly affect the nose and throat. Flu starts suddenly, with fever, aches and exhaustion. Both are caused by viruses, so antibiotics do not help. Older adults, pregnant women, young children and people with long-term conditions are at higher risk of complications from flu.

Common symptoms

  • Fever and chills (more typical of flu)
  • Aching muscles and tiredness
  • Cough and sore throat
  • Runny or blocked nose
  • Headache

What you can do

  • Rest and drink plenty of fluids
  • Use paracetamol or ibuprofen according to the label
  • Wash hands often and cover coughs
  • Get the yearly flu vaccine if recommended for you

When to book a consultation

Book if symptoms last more than 10 days, you have a long-term condition, or you are worried.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Digestion · Condition

Gastroenteritis (stomach bug)

An infection of the gut causing diarrhoea and vomiting. Most people recover in a few days; fluids are key.

What it is

Gastroenteritis is usually caused by viruses such as norovirus, or by bacteria from contaminated food or water. The main risk is dehydration, especially in babies, older adults and people with long-term conditions. Antibiotics are rarely needed.

Common symptoms

  • Diarrhoea
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Tummy cramps
  • Mild fever and aches

What you can do

  • Drink small amounts of fluid often; use oral rehydration solution
  • Eat when you feel able
  • Wash hands with soap; alcohol gel does not kill norovirus
  • Stay off work or school until 48 hours after symptoms stop

When to book a consultation

Book if symptoms last more than a few days, you have a long-term condition, or after travel abroad.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Bones, joints and spine · Condition

Gout

Sudden, very painful joint swelling, often in the big toe, caused by uric acid crystals. Treatable and preventable.

What it is

Gout happens when uric acid builds up and forms crystals in a joint. Attacks are triggered by alcohol (especially beer), red meat, seafood, sugary drinks, dehydration and some medicines. Long-term urate-lowering treatment can prevent attacks and joint damage.

Common symptoms

  • Sudden severe pain, often at night
  • A hot, red, swollen joint, most often the big toe
  • Skin over the joint very tender to touch

What you can do

  • Rest and raise the joint; use an ice pack
  • Drink plenty of water
  • Limit alcohol, sugary drinks, red meat and shellfish
  • Keep a healthy weight

When to book a consultation

Book after a first attack, or if attacks keep returning.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Skin and hair · Symptom

Hair loss

Often genetic or temporary after stress or illness. Some causes, such as low iron or thyroid, are treatable.

Possible causes

  • Male or female pattern hair loss
  • Shedding after stress, illness or childbirth

What you can do

  • Be gentle with hair; avoid tight styles
  • Eat a balanced diet with enough protein and iron

When to book a consultation

Book if hair loss is sudden, patchy, or you have other symptoms.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Brain and nerves · Symptom

Headache

Most headaches are harmless and linked to tension, dehydration, lack of sleep or migraine.

Possible causes

  • Tension-type headache (stress, posture, tiredness)
  • Dehydration or skipped meals

What you can do

  • Drink water and eat regularly
  • Rest, and use simple painkillers according to the label
  • Keep a headache diary

When to book a consultation

Book if headaches are frequent, wake you up, are getting worse, or are new after age 50.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Digestion · Symptom

Heartburn and indigestion

A burning feeling in the chest or upper tummy after eating, usually from acid reflux.

Possible causes

  • Large, fatty or spicy meals
  • Pregnancy
  • Some painkillers (anti-inflammatories)

What you can do

  • Eat smaller meals and avoid late meals
  • Raise the head of the bed
  • Limit alcohol, coffee and fatty food

When to book a consultation

Book if it happens most days or you need antacids regularly.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Heart and circulation · Condition

High blood pressure (hypertension)

Often called the “silent killer”: usually no symptoms, but a major cause of heart attack, stroke and kidney disease.

What it is

Blood pressure is the force of blood against the artery walls. Hypertension means it stays too high over time. Many guidelines diagnose it when readings are repeatedly 140/90 mmHg or higher (some use 130/80). Around 1 in 3 adults worldwide has hypertension, and almost half do not know it.

Common symptoms

  • Usually none: the only way to know is to measure it
  • Very high readings may cause headache, blurred vision or nosebleeds

What you can do

  • Measure your blood pressure regularly, at home or at a pharmacy
  • Eat less salt and more fruit, vegetables and whole grains
  • Be active for at least 150 minutes a week
  • Limit alcohol and stop smoking
  • Take prescribed medicines every day, even when you feel well

When to book a consultation

Book if your readings are often 135/85 or higher at home, if you have never had a check after age 40, or to review your treatment.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Metabolism and blood · Condition

High cholesterol

No symptoms, but high LDL (“bad”) cholesterol builds up in the arteries and raises the risk of heart attack and stroke.

What it is

Cholesterol is a fatty substance carried in the blood. Too much LDL cholesterol forms plaques in artery walls. A simple blood test (lipid profile) measures it. Your target depends on your overall cardiovascular risk, which your healthcare professional can calculate.

Common symptoms

  • None: a blood test is the only way to find out

What you can do

  • Replace saturated fats (fatty meat, butter) with olive oil, nuts and fish
  • Eat more fibre and vegetables
  • Be active and keep a healthy weight
  • Stop smoking

When to book a consultation

Book to understand a lipid test, assess your heart risk, or discuss whether you need medicine.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Women’s health · Symptom

Hot flushes and night sweats

Most often due to menopause; they can be treated effectively.

Possible causes

  • Overactive thyroid
  • Some medicines

What you can do

  • Wear layers and keep the bedroom cool
  • Reduce caffeine, alcohol and spicy food

When to book a consultation

Book if they disturb your sleep or daily life, or if you are not of menopausal age.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Mental wellbeing · Condition

Insomnia

Regular difficulty falling or staying asleep. Changing sleep habits is often more effective than sleeping pills.

What it is

Short-term insomnia often follows stress. When it lasts for months it is called chronic insomnia. Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is the recommended first treatment. Sleeping pills are only for short-term use. Snoring with pauses in breathing may indicate sleep apnoea.

Common symptoms

  • Difficulty falling asleep
  • Waking during the night or too early
  • Feeling unrefreshed and tired during the day
  • Irritability and poor concentration

What you can do

  • Keep the same wake-up time every day
  • Avoid screens, caffeine and heavy meals before bed
  • Keep the bedroom dark, quiet and cool
  • Avoid long daytime naps

When to book a consultation

Book if poor sleep lasts more than 3 months or affects your daytime life, or if you snore and stop breathing at night.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Metabolism and blood · Condition

Iron-deficiency anaemia

Too few healthy red blood cells because of low iron, leaving you tired and breathless. Common and treatable.

What it is

Iron is needed to make haemoglobin, which carries oxygen. Common causes are heavy periods, pregnancy, a diet low in iron, and blood loss from the gut. It is diagnosed with a blood test. The cause should always be found, not only treated.

Common symptoms

  • Tiredness and lack of energy
  • Shortness of breath on exertion
  • Pale skin
  • Heart palpitations
  • Brittle nails, hair loss or headaches

What you can do

  • Eat iron-rich foods: red meat, fish, beans, lentils, dark green vegetables
  • Combine them with vitamin C
  • Do not start iron tablets without a blood test and advice

When to book a consultation

Book if you feel persistently tired, have heavy periods, or a test showed low iron.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Women’s health · Symptom

Irregular or painful periods

Changes in your cycle are common, but heavy, very painful or missing periods deserve a check.

Possible causes

  • Stress, weight changes or intense exercise
  • Pregnancy

What you can do

  • Track your periods
  • Use heat and simple painkillers for period pain

When to book a consultation

Book if periods are very heavy, very painful, irregular, or have stopped (and you are not pregnant).

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Digestion · Condition

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

A common long-term condition causing tummy pain, bloating and changes in bowel habits. It can be managed well.

What it is

IBS affects around 1 in 10 people, more often women. The gut is extra sensitive and its movement is altered. Stress, certain foods and hormones can trigger flares. Diagnosis is based on symptoms after other causes are excluded. Diet changes, such as a guided low-FODMAP diet, and stress management help many people.

Common symptoms

  • Tummy pain or cramps, often relieved by opening the bowels
  • Bloating and wind
  • Diarrhoea, constipation or both
  • A feeling of not emptying the bowel fully

What you can do

  • Keep a food and symptom diary
  • Eat regular meals and do not rush them
  • Limit caffeine, alcohol, fizzy drinks and very fatty food
  • Manage stress and stay active

When to book a consultation

Book if symptoms are new, persistent or affect your daily life, or for a dietitian-led plan.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Skin and hair · Symptom

Itching

Itchy skin is usually caused by dryness or a skin condition, occasionally by an internal condition.

Possible causes

  • Pregnancy

What you can do

  • Moisturise often
  • Use lukewarm water and mild soap substitutes
  • Wear loose cotton clothing

When to book a consultation

Book if itching lasts more than 2 weeks, is all over the body, or disturbs sleep.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Bones, joints and spine · Symptom

Joint pain

Often from strain or osteoarthritis. Swelling, redness or stiffness in many joints needs assessment.

Possible causes

  • Injury or overuse
  • Inflammatory arthritis (e.g. rheumatoid)

What you can do

  • Rest briefly, then keep moving gently
  • Use ice or heat
  • Use simple painkillers according to the label

When to book a consultation

Book if pain lasts more than 2 weeks, several joints are swollen, or morning stiffness lasts over 30 minutes.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Kidneys and bladder · Condition

Kidney stones

Hard deposits in the kidney that can cause severe pain as they pass. Drinking enough water helps prevent them.

What it is

Kidney stones form when minerals in urine crystallise. They are more common in hot climates and with dehydration. Small stones often pass by themselves; larger ones may need treatment. Without changes, about half of people will have another stone within 10 years.

Common symptoms

  • Severe pain in the side or back that comes in waves
  • Pain spreading to the groin
  • Blood in the urine
  • Nausea, or needing to pass urine often

What you can do

  • Drink plenty of water throughout the day
  • Reduce salt and very high meat intake
  • Ask about diet changes depending on stone type

When to book a consultation

Book after a stone for prevention advice, or if you have repeated episodes.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Bones, joints and spine · Condition

Low back pain

Very common and usually not serious: most episodes improve within a few weeks, especially if you keep moving.

What it is

Low back pain is the leading cause of disability worldwide. Most cases are “non-specific”, meaning they come from muscles, ligaments and joints rather than a serious disease. Bed rest slows recovery; gentle activity speeds it up.

Common symptoms

  • Pain, stiffness or muscle spasm in the lower back
  • Pain that is worse with certain movements or positions

What you can do

  • Keep moving and continue daily activities as much as possible
  • Use heat packs and simple painkillers according to the label
  • Start gentle exercises such as walking, stretching or swimming
  • Lift with your knees and avoid long periods of sitting

When to book a consultation

Book if pain lasts more than 4–6 weeks, keeps returning, or spreads down your leg.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Mental wellbeing · Symptom

Low mood

Everyone feels low sometimes. When it lasts more than 2 weeks, it may be depression and help is available.

Possible causes

  • Stress or life events
  • Alcohol or some medicines

What you can do

  • Talk to someone you trust
  • Stay active and get daylight
  • Keep a regular routine

When to book a consultation

Book if low mood lasts more than 2 weeks or affects your daily life.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Women’s health · Condition

Menopause

The natural end of periods, usually between 45 and 55. Symptoms vary, and effective treatments are available.

What it is

Menopause is reached 12 months after the last period; the years before it are called perimenopause. Falling oestrogen can cause hot flushes, poor sleep, mood changes and vaginal dryness, and increases the risk of osteoporosis. Options include lifestyle measures, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and non-hormonal treatments.

Common symptoms

  • Irregular periods, then no periods
  • Hot flushes and night sweats
  • Sleep problems, low mood or anxiety
  • Vaginal dryness and lower sex drive
  • Difficulty concentrating

What you can do

  • Keep active, including strength exercise for bones
  • Get enough calcium and vitamin D
  • Reduce triggers such as caffeine, alcohol and spicy food
  • Keep the bedroom cool

When to book a consultation

Book if symptoms affect your daily life, or to discuss HRT and other options.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Brain and nerves · Condition

Migraine

Recurring, often one-sided throbbing headaches with nausea and sensitivity to light. Effective treatments exist.

What it is

Migraine is a common neurological condition, about three times more frequent in women. Attacks last from 4 to 72 hours. Some people have an “aura” first, such as flashing lights or zigzag lines. Triggers include poor sleep, stress, skipped meals, hormonal changes and some foods.

Common symptoms

  • Moderate to severe throbbing pain, often on one side
  • Nausea or vomiting
  • Sensitivity to light, sound or smells
  • Visual aura before the headache (in some people)

What you can do

  • Keep a headache diary to find triggers
  • Keep regular sleep and meal times; drink enough water
  • Treat attacks early, and rest in a dark, quiet room
  • Limit painkiller use to a few days a week

When to book a consultation

Book if headaches are frequent, changing in pattern, or not controlled by simple painkillers.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Digestion · Symptom

Nausea and vomiting

Most often a stomach bug, food poisoning, pregnancy or motion sickness.

Possible causes

  • Pregnancy
  • Medicines
  • Motion sickness

What you can do

  • Sip fluids little and often
  • Eat plain foods when able
  • Ginger may ease nausea

When to book a consultation

Book if it lasts more than 2 days, or you might be pregnant and are vomiting often.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Bones, joints and spine · Condition

Neck pain and cervical spondylosis

Neck pain is very common, usually from posture or strain, and improves within weeks. Nerve symptoms need review.

What it is

Most neck pain comes from muscles and joints and settles with activity and time. Age-related wear of the neck spine (cervical spondylosis) can narrow the space for nerves, causing pain, numbness or weakness in an arm. Rarely, pressure on the spinal cord causes clumsiness or walking problems.

Common symptoms

  • Neck pain and stiffness
  • Headache starting at the back of the head
  • Pain, tingling or numbness spreading into the arm
  • Muscle spasm

What you can do

  • Keep your neck moving gently
  • Adjust screen height and posture
  • Use heat and simple painkillers according to the label

When to book a consultation

Book if pain lasts more than a few weeks, or spreads into the arm with numbness or weakness.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Brain and nerves · Symptom

Numbness and tingling

Often from a pressed nerve or posture. Sudden numbness on one side is a stroke warning sign.

Possible causes

  • Vitamin B12 deficiency

What you can do

  • Change position and move the limb
  • Avoid long pressure on elbows or wrists

When to book a consultation

Book if it keeps returning, lasts more than a few days, or comes with weakness.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Bones, joints and spine · Condition

Osteoarthritis

The most common joint condition: pain and stiffness, mostly in knees, hips and hands. Exercise is the best medicine.

What it is

Osteoarthritis affects the cartilage and bone of the joints. It becomes more common with age, injury and excess weight. It does not always get worse, and exercise, weight management and pain relief help most people. Joint replacement is an option when symptoms are severe.

Common symptoms

  • Joint pain worse with use and better with rest
  • Morning stiffness lasting less than 30 minutes
  • Reduced movement and grating or cracking
  • Swelling or bony enlargement of finger joints

What you can do

  • Do regular strengthening and low-impact exercise (walking, cycling, swimming)
  • Keep a healthy weight
  • Use heat or cold packs and simple painkillers according to the label
  • Wear supportive shoes

When to book a consultation

Book if joint pain limits daily activities or sleep, or for an exercise and treatment plan.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Bones, joints and spine · Condition

Osteoporosis

Bones become weaker and break more easily. Often silent until a fracture; prevention and treatment work.

What it is

Osteoporosis is most common in women after menopause, but also affects men. Risk factors include family history, low body weight, smoking, alcohol, steroid use and lack of activity. A bone density scan (DEXA) measures bone strength. Medicines, calcium, vitamin D and exercise reduce fracture risk.

Common symptoms

  • Usually no symptoms until a bone breaks
  • Fractures after a minor fall (wrist, hip, spine)
  • Loss of height or a stooped back

What you can do

  • Do weight-bearing and strengthening exercise
  • Get enough calcium and vitamin D
  • Stop smoking and limit alcohol
  • Reduce fall risks at home

When to book a consultation

Book if you are post-menopausal with risk factors, have had a fracture after a minor fall, or take long-term steroids.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Metabolism and blood · Condition

Overweight and obesity

Excess body fat that raises the risk of diabetes, heart disease, joint problems and some cancers.

What it is

Obesity is a chronic condition influenced by genes, environment, sleep, stress and medicines, not only willpower. It is usually screened with BMI and waist size. Sustainable changes to eating, activity and sleep, with professional support, work better than strict diets. Medicines or surgery may help some people.

Common symptoms

  • BMI of 30 or more (25 or more is overweight)
  • Larger waist size
  • Breathlessness, snoring, joint pain or tiredness

What you can do

  • Aim for gradual change: 0.5–1 kg a week
  • Fill half your plate with vegetables; limit sugary drinks and ultra-processed foods
  • Build activity into your day
  • Sleep 7–9 hours

When to book a consultation

Book for a personalised nutrition plan or medical assessment of your weight.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Kidneys and bladder · Symptom

Painful or frequent urination

Most often a urinary infection; frequent urination can also be a sign of diabetes or prostate problems.

Possible causes

  • Prostate enlargement (men)
  • Pregnancy

What you can do

  • Drink enough water
  • Reduce caffeine and alcohol

When to book a consultation

Book if symptoms last more than 2 days, keep returning, or you are waking often at night to pass urine.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Heart and circulation · Symptom

Palpitations

Feeling your heartbeat is common and usually harmless, often from caffeine, stress or exercise.

Possible causes

  • Caffeine, alcohol or nicotine
  • Overactive thyroid

What you can do

  • Reduce caffeine, alcohol and energy drinks
  • Slow breathing
  • Note when it happens and check your pulse

When to book a consultation

Book if palpitations are frequent, last longer, or your pulse feels irregular.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Women’s health · Condition

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

A common hormonal condition affecting periods, skin, hair, weight and fertility. Symptoms can be managed.

What it is

PCOS affects about 1 in 10 women of reproductive age, and up to 70% are not diagnosed. It involves hormonal imbalance and often insulin resistance. Diagnosis is based on symptoms, blood tests and sometimes an ultrasound. It raises the long-term risk of type 2 diabetes, so regular checks matter.

Common symptoms

  • Irregular, infrequent or absent periods
  • Excess facial or body hair
  • Acne or oily skin
  • Weight gain
  • Thinning scalp hair
  • Difficulty getting pregnant

What you can do

  • Keep active and follow a balanced diet
  • Track your cycle with a diary or app
  • Have regular checks for blood sugar and blood pressure

When to book a consultation

Book if your periods are irregular, you notice excess hair or acne, or you are trying to conceive.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Ear, nose, throat and eyes · Symptom

Red or itchy eyes

Usually conjunctivitis or allergy, which are mild. Pain or vision loss needs urgent care.

Possible causes

  • Conjunctivitis (infection)
  • Dry eyes or screen use
  • Contact lens irritation

What you can do

  • Clean eyelids with cooled boiled water
  • Do not share towels; wash hands
  • Remove contact lenses until it settles
  • Use lubricating drops

When to book a consultation

Book if it does not improve in a week, or for repeated episodes.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Ear, nose, throat and eyes · Symptom

Runny or blocked nose

Most often a cold or allergy; usually settles within 1–2 weeks.

Possible causes

  • Overuse of decongestant sprays

What you can do

  • Saline sprays or rinses
  • Steam inhalation
  • Use decongestant sprays for no more than 7 days

When to book a consultation

Book if it lasts more than 3 weeks, is one-sided, or there is bleeding.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Bones, joints and spine · Condition

Sciatica and slipped disc

Pain that travels from the lower back down the leg, caused by pressure on a nerve, often from a bulging disc.

What it is

The sciatic nerve runs from the lower back down each leg. When a disc between the vertebrae bulges or herniates, it can press on the nerve. Most people improve within 6–12 weeks with activity, pain relief and physiotherapy. Surgery is considered when pain is severe and persistent or nerves are significantly affected.

Common symptoms

  • Pain radiating from the buttock down the back of the leg, often below the knee
  • Numbness, tingling or pins and needles in the leg or foot
  • Leg pain that is worse than the back pain

What you can do

  • Stay as active as you can; avoid long bed rest
  • Use pain relief according to the label or your prescription
  • Try gentle stretches and walking
  • Ask about physiotherapy

When to book a consultation

Book if pain lasts more than a few weeks, is very severe, or causes weakness; a neurosurgeon can advise whether imaging or surgery is needed.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Breathing and lungs · Symptom

Shortness of breath

Feeling breathless can come from the lungs, heart, blood or anxiety. Sudden breathlessness is an emergency.

Possible causes

  • Heart or lung disease

What you can do

  • Sit upright and breathe slowly
  • Use your reliever inhaler if you have asthma

When to book a consultation

Book if you get breathless more easily than before, or breathlessness keeps returning.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Ear, nose, throat and eyes · Condition

Sinusitis

Inflammation of the sinuses, usually after a cold. Most cases clear within 2–3 weeks without antibiotics.

What it is

The sinuses are air spaces in the face. After a cold they can become blocked and inflamed, causing facial pain and a thick nasal discharge. Most sinusitis is viral and improves on its own. Antibiotics are only needed in a minority of cases.

Common symptoms

  • Pain or pressure around the cheeks, eyes or forehead
  • Blocked nose and thick yellow or green discharge
  • Reduced sense of smell
  • Headache, toothache or bad breath

What you can do

  • Rest and drink fluids
  • Use saline nasal rinses or steam
  • Take simple painkillers according to the label

When to book a consultation

Book if symptoms last more than 10 days, are severe, or keep coming back.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Skin and hair · Symptom

Skin rash

Most rashes are harmless and caused by irritation, allergy or viruses.

Possible causes

  • Hives (allergic reaction)
  • Contact with irritants or new products
  • Medicines

What you can do

  • Avoid the suspected trigger
  • Use fragrance-free moisturisers
  • Antihistamines may help itchy hives (follow the label)

When to book a consultation

Book if the rash lasts more than a week, keeps returning, or you are unsure what it is. Photos help.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Ear, nose, throat and eyes · Symptom

Sore throat

Usually caused by a virus and gets better within a week without antibiotics.

Possible causes

  • Tonsillitis (viral or bacterial)

What you can do

  • Drink fluids and rest
  • Gargle with warm salty water (adults)
  • Use simple painkillers or lozenges according to the label

When to book a consultation

Book if it lasts more than a week, keeps coming back, or you have a weakened immune system.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Brain and nerves · Condition

Stroke and mini-stroke (TIA)

A stroke is a medical emergency. Recognise it with F.A.S.T. and call for help immediately: every minute counts.

What it is

A stroke happens when blood supply to part of the brain is blocked or a vessel bleeds. A TIA (mini-stroke) has the same symptoms but they pass within minutes or hours; it is a warning that a stroke may follow. Fast treatment can limit brain damage. Online consultations are for prevention and recovery, never for a stroke in progress.

Common symptoms

  • Face drooping on one side
  • Weakness or numbness in an arm or leg
  • Slurred or confused speech
  • Sudden loss of vision, balance or a severe headache

What you can do

  • Control blood pressure: the biggest risk factor
  • Treat atrial fibrillation and diabetes
  • Stop smoking and stay active
  • Take prevention medicines as prescribed after a stroke or TIA

When to book a consultation

Book for stroke prevention, risk-factor control or follow-up after hospital care, not during symptoms.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Heart and circulation · Symptom

Swollen legs or ankles

Often from heat, standing or pregnancy. New swelling of one leg needs urgent assessment.

Possible causes

  • Standing or sitting for long periods, heat
  • Pregnancy
  • Heart, kidney or liver problems
  • Varicose veins

What you can do

  • Raise your legs when resting
  • Walk regularly
  • Avoid long periods of standing still

When to book a consultation

Book if swelling is new, persistent, or does not go down overnight.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Metabolism and blood · Symptom

Tiredness and fatigue

Feeling tired all the time is common, often from lifestyle, but sometimes from a medical cause worth checking.

Possible causes

  • Poor sleep, stress or overwork

What you can do

  • Keep regular sleep times
  • Eat balanced meals and stay hydrated
  • Be active, even a little each day
  • Limit caffeine and alcohol

When to book a consultation

Book if tiredness lasts more than 4 weeks without an obvious reason, or with weight loss.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Mental wellbeing · Symptom

Trouble sleeping

Very common and often linked to stress, habits or another health problem.

Possible causes

  • Sleep apnoea (loud snoring, pauses in breathing)

What you can do

  • Keep regular sleep times
  • Limit caffeine after midday
  • Avoid screens an hour before bed

When to book a consultation

Book if poor sleep lasts over a month or you are very sleepy during the day.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Metabolism and blood · Condition

Type 2 diabetes

Blood sugar stays too high because the body does not use insulin well. Early care prevents complications.

What it is

In type 2 diabetes the body becomes resistant to insulin or does not make enough of it. It develops slowly and is closely linked to weight, inactivity and family history. Over years, high sugar can damage the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart and feet. It is diagnosed with blood tests such as HbA1c or fasting glucose.

Common symptoms

  • Feeling very thirsty and passing urine often, especially at night
  • Tiredness
  • Blurred vision
  • Cuts and wounds that heal slowly
  • Frequent infections, such as thrush
  • Unexplained weight loss

What you can do

  • Choose whole grains, vegetables and pulses; limit sugary drinks
  • Move more: a 10-minute walk after meals helps
  • Check your feet daily and have your eyes examined every year
  • Know your HbA1c, blood pressure and cholesterol targets

When to book a consultation

Book if you have symptoms, a family history and want a check, or to review results and treatment.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Metabolism and blood · Condition

Underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism)

The thyroid gland makes too little hormone, slowing the body down. A blood test diagnoses it; daily tablets treat it.

What it is

The thyroid controls metabolism. When it is underactive, many body processes slow down. It is more common in women and with age. It is diagnosed with a TSH blood test and usually treated with levothyroxine, adjusted by regular blood tests.

Common symptoms

  • Tiredness and feeling cold
  • Weight gain
  • Constipation
  • Dry skin and hair
  • Low mood
  • Heavy or irregular periods

What you can do

  • Take your tablet at the same time every day
  • Keep up with blood tests
  • Tell your healthcare professional if you are pregnant or planning pregnancy

When to book a consultation

Book if you have several of these symptoms, or to review your thyroid results.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Metabolism and blood · Symptom

Unintended weight loss

Losing weight without trying, especially more than 5% in 6–12 months, should always be checked.

Possible causes

  • Overactive thyroid
  • Serious illness that needs investigation

What you can do

  • Weigh yourself to track changes
  • Eat regular, nourishing meals

When to book a consultation

Book if you have lost weight without trying.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
Infections · Condition

Urinary tract infection (UTI)

An infection of the bladder or urinary tract, very common in women. Usually easy to treat.

What it is

Bacteria entering the urinary tract cause most UTIs. Simple bladder infections may clear on their own or need a short course of antibiotics. Infections in men, children, pregnant women, or that reach the kidneys need prompt assessment.

Common symptoms

  • Pain or burning when passing urine
  • Needing to pass urine often or urgently
  • Cloudy, dark or strong-smelling urine
  • Pain low in the tummy

What you can do

  • Drink plenty of water
  • Use paracetamol according to the label for pain
  • Do not delay passing urine

When to book a consultation

Book if symptoms do not improve in 2 days, keep coming back, or if you are pregnant or male.

General information only, not a diagnosis or a substitute for professional advice. HIH does not handle emergencies.
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